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服务器之家 - 编程语言 - Android - Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

2021-05-03 16:19liuhe688 Android

这篇文章主要介绍了Android编程中HTTP服务用法,结合实例形式较为详细的分析了Android中http服务的具体步骤与相关使用技巧,需要的朋友可以参考下

本文实例讲述了android编程中http服务用法。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:

在android中,除了使用java.net包下的api访问http服务之外,我们还可以换一种途径去完成工作。android sdk附带了apache的httpclient api。apache httpclient是一个完善的http客户端,它提供了对http协议的全面支持,可以使用http get和post进行访问。下面我们就结合实例,介绍一下httpclient的使用方法。

我们新建一个http项目,项目结构如图:

Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

在这个项目中,我们不需要任何的activity,所有的操作都在单元测试类httptest.java中完成。

因为使用到了单元测试,所以在这里先介绍一下如何配置android中的单元测试。所有配置信息均在androidmanifest.xml中完成:

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   package="com.scott.http"
   android:versioncode="1"
   android:versionname="1.0">
  <application android:icon="@drawable/icon" android:label="@string/app_name">
    <!-- 配置测试要使用的类库 -->
    <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
  </application>
  <!-- 配置测试设备的主类和目标包 -->
  <instrumentation android:name="android.test.instrumentationtestrunner"
           android:targetpackage="com.scott.http"/>
  <!-- 访问http服务所需的网络权限 -->
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.internet"/>
  <uses-sdk android:minsdkversion="8" />
</manifest>

然后,我们的单元测试类需要继承android.test.androidtestcase类,这个类本身是继承junit.framework.testcase,并提供了getcontext()方法,用于获取android上下文环境,这个设计非常有用,因为很多android api都是需要context才能完成的。

现在让我们来看一下我们的测试用例,httptest.java代码如下:

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package com.scot.http.test;
import java.io.bytearrayoutputstream;
import java.io.inputstream;
import java.util.arraylist;
import java.util.list;
import junit.framework.assert;
import org.apache.http.httpentity;
import org.apache.http.httpresponse;
import org.apache.http.httpstatus;
import org.apache.http.namevaluepair;
import org.apache.http.client.httpclient;
import org.apache.http.client.entity.urlencodedformentity;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.httpget;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.httppost;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.multipartentity;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.inputstreambody;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.stringbody;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.defaulthttpclient;
import org.apache.http.message.basicnamevaluepair;
import android.test.androidtestcase;
public class httptest extends androidtestcase {
  private static final string path = "http://192.168.1.57:8080/web";
  public void testget() throws exception {
    httpclient client = new defaulthttpclient();
    httpget get = new httpget(path + "/testservlet?id=1001&name=john&age=60");
    httpresponse response = client.execute(get);
    if (response.getstatusline().getstatuscode() == httpstatus.sc_ok) {
      inputstream is = response.getentity().getcontent();
      string result = instream2string(is);
      assert.assertequals(result, "get_success");
    }
  }
  public void testpost() throws exception {
    httpclient client = new defaulthttpclient();
    httppost post = new httppost(path + "/testservlet");
    list<namevaluepair> params = new arraylist<namevaluepair>();
    params.add(new basicnamevaluepair("id", "1001"));
    params.add(new basicnamevaluepair("name", "john"));
    params.add(new basicnamevaluepair("age", "60"));
    httpentity formentity = new urlencodedformentity(params);
    post.setentity(formentity);
    httpresponse response = client.execute(post);
    if (response.getstatusline().getstatuscode() == httpstatus.sc_ok) {
      inputstream is = response.getentity().getcontent();
      string result = instream2string(is);
      assert.assertequals(result, "post_success");
    }
  }
  public void testupload() throws exception {
    inputstream is = getcontext().getassets().open("books.xml");
    httpclient client = new defaulthttpclient();
    httppost post = new httppost(path + "/uploadservlet");
    inputstreambody isb = new inputstreambody(is, "books.xml");
    multipartentity multipartentity = new multipartentity();
    multipartentity.addpart("file", isb);
    multipartentity.addpart("desc", new stringbody("this is description."));
    post.setentity(multipartentity);
    httpresponse response = client.execute(post);
    if (response.getstatusline().getstatuscode() == httpstatus.sc_ok) {
      is = response.getentity().getcontent();
      string result = instream2string(is);
      assert.assertequals(result, "upload_success");
    }
  }
  //将输入流转换成字符串
  private string instream2string(inputstream is) throws exception {
    bytearrayoutputstream baos = new bytearrayoutputstream();
    byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
    int len = -1;
    while ((len = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
      baos.write(buf, 0, len);
    }
    return new string(baos.tobytearray());
  }
}

因为此文件包含三个测试用例,所以我将会逐个介绍一下。

首先,需要注意的是,我们定位服务器地址时使用到了ip,因为这里不能用localhost,服务端是在windows上运行,而本单元测试运行在android平台,如果使用localhost就意味着在android内部去访问服务,可能是访问不到的,所以必须用ip来定位服务。

我们先来分析一下testget测试用例。我们使用了httpget,请求参数直接附在url后面,然后由httpclient执行get请求,如果响应成功的话,取得响应内如输入流,并转换成字符串,最后判断是否为get_success。

testget测试对应服务端servlet代码如下:

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@override
  protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws servletexception, ioexception {
    system.out.println("doget method is called.");
    string id = request.getparameter("id");
    string name = request.getparameter("name");
    string age = request.getparameter("age");
    system.out.println("id:" + id + ", name:" + name + ", age:" + age);
    response.getwriter().write("get_success");
  }

然后再说testpost测试用例。我们使用了httppost,url后面并没有附带参数信息,参数信息被包装成一个由namevaluepair类型组成的集合的形式,然后经过urlencodedformentity处理后调用httppost的setentity方法进行参数设置,最后由httpclient执行。

testpost测试对应的服务端代码如下:

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@override
  protected void dopost(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws servletexception, ioexception {
    system.out.println("dopost method is called.");
    string id = request.getparameter("id");
    string name = request.getparameter("name");
    string age = request.getparameter("age");
    system.out.println("id:" + id + ", name:" + name + ", age:" + age);
    response.getwriter().write("post_success");
  }

上面两个是最基本的get请求和post请求,参数都是文本数据类型,能满足普通的需求,不过在有的场合例如我们要用到上传文件的时候,就不能使用基本的get请求和post请求了,我们要使用多部件的post请求。下面介绍一下如何使用多部件post操作上传一个文件到服务端。

由于android附带的httpclient版本暂不支持多部件post请求,所以我们需要用到一个httpmime开源项目,该组件是专门处理与mime类型有关的操作。因为httpmime是包含在httpcomponents 项目中的,所以我们需要去apache官方网站下载httpcomponents,然后把其中的httpmime.jar包放到项目中去,如图:

Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

然后,我们观察testupload测试用例,我们用httpmime提供的inputstreambody处理文件流参数,用stringbody处理普通文本参数,最后把所有类型参数都加入到一个multipartentity的实例中,并将这个multipartentity设置为此次post请求的参数实体,然后执行post请求。服务端servlet代码如下:

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package com.scott.web.servlet;
import java.io.fileoutputstream;
import java.io.ioexception;
import java.util.iterator;
import java.util.list;
import javax.servlet.servletexception;
import javax.servlet.http.httpservlet;
import javax.servlet.http.httpservletrequest;
import javax.servlet.http.httpservletresponse;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.fileitem;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.fileitemfactory;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.fileuploadexception;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.disk.diskfileitemfactory;
import org.apache.commons.fileupload.servlet.servletfileupload;
@suppresswarnings("serial")
public class uploadservlet extends httpservlet {
  @override
  @suppresswarnings("rawtypes")
  protected void dopost(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response) throws servletexception, ioexception {
    boolean ismultipart = servletfileupload.ismultipartcontent(request);
    if (ismultipart) {
      fileitemfactory factory = new diskfileitemfactory();
      servletfileupload upload = new servletfileupload(factory);
      try {
        list items = upload.parserequest(request);
        iterator iter = items.iterator();
        while (iter.hasnext()) {
          fileitem item = (fileitem) iter.next();
          if (item.isformfield()) {
            //普通文本信息处理
            string paramname = item.getfieldname();
            string paramvalue = item.getstring();
            system.out.println(paramname + ":" + paramvalue);
          } else {
            //上传文件信息处理
            string filename = item.getname();
            byte[] data = item.get();
            string filepath = getservletcontext().getrealpath("/files") + "/" + filename;
            fileoutputstream fos = new fileoutputstream(filepath);
            fos.write(data);
            fos.close();
          }
        }
      } catch (fileuploadexception e) {
        e.printstacktrace();
      }
    }
    response.getwriter().write("upload_success");
  }
}

服务端使用apache开源项目fileupload进行处理,所以我们需要commons-fileupload和commons-io这两个项目的jar包,对服务端开发不太熟悉的朋友可以到网上查找一下相关资料。

介绍完上面的三种不同的情况之后,我们需要考虑一个问题,在实际应用中,我们不能每次都新建httpclient,而是应该只为整个应用创建一个httpclient,并将其用于所有http通信。此外,还应该注意在通过一个httpclient同时发出多个请求时可能发生的多线程问题。针对这两个问题,我们需要改进一下我们的项目:

1.扩展系统默认的application,并应用在项目中。

2.使用httpclient类库提供的threadsafeclientmanager来创建和管理httpclient。

改进后的项目结构如图:

Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

其中myapplication扩展了系统的application,代码如下:

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package com.scott.http;
import org.apache.http.httpversion;
import org.apache.http.client.httpclient;
import org.apache.http.conn.clientconnectionmanager;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.plainsocketfactory;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.scheme;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.schemeregistry;
import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.sslsocketfactory;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.defaulthttpclient;
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.tsccm.threadsafeclientconnmanager;
import org.apache.http.params.basichttpparams;
import org.apache.http.params.httpparams;
import org.apache.http.params.httpprotocolparams;
import org.apache.http.protocol.http;
import android.app.application;
public class myapplication extends application {
  private httpclient httpclient;
  @override
  public void oncreate() {
    super.oncreate();
    httpclient = this.createhttpclient();
  }
  @override
  public void onlowmemory() {
    super.onlowmemory();
    this.shutdownhttpclient();
  }
  @override
  public void onterminate() {
    super.onterminate();
    this.shutdownhttpclient();
  }
  //创建httpclient实例
  private httpclient createhttpclient() {
    httpparams params = new basichttpparams();
    httpprotocolparams.setversion(params, httpversion.http_1_1);
    httpprotocolparams.setcontentcharset(params, http.default_content_charset);
    httpprotocolparams.setuseexpectcontinue(params, true);
    schemeregistry schreg = new schemeregistry();
    schreg.register(new scheme("http", plainsocketfactory.getsocketfactory(), 80));
    schreg.register(new scheme("https", sslsocketfactory.getsocketfactory(), 443));
    clientconnectionmanager connmgr = new threadsafeclientconnmanager(params, schreg);
    return new defaulthttpclient(connmgr, params);
  }
  //关闭连接管理器并释放资源
  private void shutdownhttpclient() {
    if (httpclient != null && httpclient.getconnectionmanager() != null) {
      httpclient.getconnectionmanager().shutdown();
    }
  }
  //对外提供httpclient实例
  public httpclient gethttpclient() {
    return httpclient;
  }
}

我们重写了oncreate()方法,在系统启动时就创建一个httpclient;重写了onlowmemory()和onterminate()方法,在内存不足和应用结束时关闭连接,释放资源。需要注意的是,当实例化defaulthttpclient时,传入一个由threadsafeclientconnmanager创建的一个clientconnectionmanager实例,负责管理httpclient的http连接。

然后,想要让我们这个加强版的“application”生效,需要在androidmanifest.xml中做如下配置:

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<application android:name=".myapplication" ...>
...
</application>

如果我们没有配置,系统默认会使用android.app.application,我们添加了配置,系统就会使用我们的com.scott.http.myapplication,然后就可以在context中调用getapplication()来获取myapplication实例。

有了上面的配置,我们就可以在活动中应用了,httpactivity.java代码如下:

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package com.scott.http;
import java.io.bytearrayoutputstream;
import java.io.inputstream;
import org.apache.http.httpresponse;
import org.apache.http.httpstatus;
import org.apache.http.client.httpclient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.httpget;
import android.app.activity;
import android.os.bundle;
import android.view.view;
import android.widget.button;
import android.widget.toast;
public class httpactivity extends activity {
  @override
  protected void oncreate(bundle savedinstancestate) {
    super.oncreate(savedinstancestate);
    setcontentview(r.layout.main);
    button btn = (button) findviewbyid(r.id.btn);
    btn.setonclicklistener(new view.onclicklistener() {
      @override
      public void onclick(view v) {
        execute();
      }
    });
  }
  private void execute() {
    try {
      myapplication app = (myapplication) this.getapplication(); //获取myapplication实例
      httpclient client = app.gethttpclient();  //获取httpclient实例
      httpget get = new httpget("http://192.168.1.57:8080/web/testservlet?id=1001&name=john&age=60");
      httpresponse response = client.execute(get);
      if (response.getstatusline().getstatuscode() == httpstatus.sc_ok) {
        inputstream is = response.getentity().getcontent();
        string result = instream2string(is);
        toast.maketext(this, result, toast.length_long).show();
      }
    } catch (exception e) {
      e.printstacktrace();
    }
  }
  //将输入流转换成字符串
  private string instream2string(inputstream is) throws exception {
    bytearrayoutputstream baos = new bytearrayoutputstream();
    byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
    int len = -1;
    while ((len = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
      baos.write(buf, 0, len);
    }
    return new string(baos.tobytearray());
  }
}

点击“execute”按钮,执行结果如下:

Android编程中HTTP服务用法详解

希望本文所述对大家android程序设计有所帮助。

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