查询，调用属性，下标和方法上的一个可选可能 'nil' 的过程被定义为可选的链。可选链返回两个值
如果可选包含一个值，然后调用其相关属性，方法和下标返回值
如果可选包含一个“nil”值，所有的相关属性，方法和下标返回nil
由于多种查询方法，属性和下标故障组合在一起，以一种链将影响到整个链，并导致产生 'nil' 的值。
可选链作为一种替代强制解包裹
可选链与可选值后指定“?”调用一个属性，方法或下标当可选的值返回一些值。
程序用于可选链 '!'
class ElectionPoll {
var candidate: Pollbooth?
}
class Pollbooth {
var name = "MP"
}
let cand = ElectionPoll()
let candname = cand.candidate!.name
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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fatal error: unexpectedly found nil while unwrapping an Optional value0 swift 0x0000000103410b68 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(__sFILE*) + 401 swift 0x0000000103411054 SignalHandler(int) + 4522 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00007fff9176af1a _sigtramp + 263 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x000000000000000b _sigtramp + 18544929394 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00000001074a0214 _sigtramp + 19767836365 swift 0x0000000102a85c39 llvm::JIT::runFunction(llvm::Function*, std::__1::vector > const&) + 3296 swift 0x0000000102d320b3 llvm::ExecutionEngine::runFunctionAsMain(llvm::Function*, std::__1::vector, std::__1::allocator >, std::__1::allocator, std::__1::allocator > > > const&, char const* const*) + 15237 swift 0x000000010296e6ba swift::RunImmediately(swift::CompilerInstance&, std::__1::vector, std::__1::allocator >, std::__1::allocator, std::__1::allocator > > > const&, swift::IRGenOptions&, swift::SILOptions const&) + 10668 swift 0x000000010275764b frontend_main(llvm::ArrayRef, char const*, void*) + 52759 swift 0x0000000102754a6d main + 167710 libdyld.dylib 0x00007fff8bb9e5c9 start + 111 libdyld.dylib 0x000000000000000c start + 1950751300Stack dump:0. Program arguments: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift -frontend -interpret - -target x86_64-apple-darwin14.0.0 -target-cpu core2 -sdk /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.10.sdk -module-name main /bin/sh: line 47: 15672 Done cat <<'SWIFT'import Foundation |
上述程序中声明“ election poll” 作为类名，并包含了作为隶属函数“candidate”。子类被声明为 “poll booth” 和 “name” 作为被初始化为 'MP' 的隶属度函数。对超类的调用是通过创建一个实例，“cand”可选的初始化 "!“。由于这些值在它的基类没有声明，“nil” 值被存储，从而通过强制解包处理过程返回一个致命的错误。
程序用于可选链 '?'
class ElectionPoll {
var candidate: Pollbooth?
}
class Pollbooth {
var name = "MP"
}
let cand = ElectionPoll()
if let candname = cand.candidate?.name {
println("Candidate name is \(candname)")
}
else {
println("Candidate name cannot be retreived")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Candidate name cannot be retreived |
上述程序中声明“ election poll” 作为类名，并包含了作为隶属函数“candidate”。子类被声明为 “poll booth” 和 “name” 作为被初始化为 'MP' 的隶属度函数。对超类的调用是通过创建一个实例，“cand”可选的初始化“?”。由于基类 'nil' 的值不声明被存储并打印在控制台，由其他程序块处理。
定义模型类的可选链接和访问属性
Swift 语言还提供可选链的概念，声明多个子类的模型类。这个概念将是定义复杂的模型和访问属性，方法和下标子属性非常有用。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var street: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let rectname = rectangle()
if let rectarea = rectname.print?.cprint {
println("Area of rectangle is \(rectarea)")
} else {
println("Rectangle Area is not specified")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Rectangle Area is not specified |
通过可选链调用方法
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("Area of Circle is: \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if circname.print?.circleprint() != nil {
println("Area of circle is specified)")
} else {
println("Area of circle is not specified")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Area of circle is not specified |
该函数circleprint()在circle()子类中声明通过创建名为 “circname” 的一个实例来调用。函数会返回一个值 如果它包含一定的值则返回一些用户定义的打印信息。否则会被检查的语句 'if circname.print?.circleprint() != nil“
下标访问通过可选链
可选链设置和检索下标值以验证是否要调用该下标返回一个值。 '?' 被放置在下标括号之前来访问特定的标可选值。
程序 1
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
println("The first room name is \(radiusName).")
} else {
println("Radius is not specified.")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Radius is not specified. |
在以上程序未指定成员函数 “radiusName” 的实例值。因此，程序调用该函数将返回唯一内容，以返回必须定义特定成员函数值的一部分。
程序 2
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
println("Radius is measured in \(radiusName).")
} else {
println("Radius is not specified.")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Radius is measured in Units. |
在上面的程序被指定为成员函数 “radiusName” 的实例值。 因此，程序现在调用函数将有返回值。
可选类型访问下标
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
var area = ["Radius": [35, 45, 78, 101], "Circle": [90, 45, 56]]
area["Radius"]?[1] = 78
area["Circle"]?[1]--
println(area["Radius"]?[0])
println(area["Radius"]?[1])
println(area["Radius"]?[2])
println(area["Radius"]?[3])
println(area["Circle"]?[0])
println(area["Circle"]?[1])
println(area["Circle"]?[2])
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Optional(35)Optional(78)Optional(78)Optional(101)Optional(90)Optional(44)Optional(56) |
对于下标可选的值可以通过参考其下标值来访问。它可访问为 subscript[0], subscript[1]等。radius 的默认值下标首先被指定为 [35，45，78，101] 和 Circle[90，45，56]。然后，下标值作为 Radius[0] 至78，以及Circle[1]〜45。
链接链的多层次性
多个子类也可以凭借其超类的方法，属性和下标通过可选链接联系。
可选的多个链可以链接：
如果检索类型是不可选的，可选链会返回一个可选值。例如，如果字符串通过可选链就会返回字符串？值
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
println("The first room name is \(radiusName).")
} else {
println("Radius is not specified.")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Radius is not specified. |
在以上程序未指定隶属函数 “radiusName” 的实例值。 因此，程序调用该函数将返回唯一内容，我们必须定义返回值的特定隶属作为函数值的一部分。
如果检索式已经是可选的，那么可选链也将返回一个可选值。例如，如果字符串 ? 通过可选的链也将访问返回字符串 ?值。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
println("The first room name is \(radiusName).")
} else {
println("Radius is not specified.")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Radius is measured in Units. |
在上面的程序被指定为隶属函数 “radiusName” 的实例值。因此，程序调用函数将返回值。
链上的方法可选返回值
可选链是用来定义方法来访问子类。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
println("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
println("Radius is measured in \(radiusName).")
} else {
println("Radius is not specified.")
}
当我们使用 playground 运行上面的程序，得到以下结果。
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Area of circle is not specified |
