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Python开发的HTTP库requests详解

2020-12-04 00:43jack-boy Python

Requests是用Python语言编写，基于urllib，采用Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。它比urllib更加方便，可以节约我们大量的工作，完全满足HTTP测试需求。Requests的哲学是以PEP 20 的习语为中心开发的，所以它比urllib更加Pythoner。更重要的一点

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1. GET请求

 
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# 1、无参数实例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
 
# 2、有参数实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)

2. POST请求

 
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# 1、基本POST实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 
print(ret.text)
 
 
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
 
import requests
import json
 
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
 
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

3. 其它请求

 
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requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4. 请求参数

 
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def request(method, url, **kwargs):
  """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
 
  :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
  :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
  :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
  :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
  :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
  :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
  :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
  :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
    ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
    or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
    defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
    to add for the file.
  :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
  :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
    before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
    timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
  :type timeout: float or tuple
  :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
  :type allow_redirects: bool
  :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
  :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
  :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
  :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
  :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
  :rtype: requests.Response
 
  Usage::
 
   >>> import requests
   >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
   <Response [200]>
  """

5. 参数示例

 
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def param_method_url():
  # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  pass
 
 
def param_param():
  # - 可以是字典
  # - 可以是字符串
  # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
 
  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 
  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
 
  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 
  # 错误
  # requests.request(method='get',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
  pass
 
 
def param_data():
  # 可以是字典
  # 可以是字符串
  # 可以是字节
  # 可以是文件对象
 
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
  # )
 
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
  # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
  # )
 
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
  # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
  # )
  pass
 
 
def param_json():
  # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
  # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 
 
def param_headers():
  # 发送请求头到服务器端
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
           headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
           )
 
 
def param_cookies():
  # 发送Cookie到服务器端
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
           cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
           )
  # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
  from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
  from http.cookiejar import Cookie
 
  obj = CookieJar()
  obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
             discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
             port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
          )
  requests.request(method='POST',
           url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
           data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
           cookies=obj)
 
 
def param_files():
  # 发送文件
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)
 
  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)
 
  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  # files=file_dict)
 
  # 发送文件，定制文件名
  # file_dict = {
  #   'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
  # }
  # requests.request(method='POST',
  #         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
  #         files=file_dict)
 
  pass
 
 
def param_auth():
  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
 
  ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
  print(ret.text)
 
  # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
  # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
  # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
  # print(ret.text)
 
  # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
  # print(ret)
  #
 
 
def param_timeout():
  # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
  # print(ret)
 
  # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
  # print(ret)
  pass
 
 
def param_allow_redirects():
  ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
  print(ret.text)
 
 
def param_proxies():
  # proxies = {
  # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
  # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
  # }
 
  # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
 
  # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
  # print(ret.headers)
 
 
  # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
  #
  # proxyDict = {
  # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
  # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
  # }
  # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
  #
  # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
  # print(r.text)
 
  pass
 
 
def param_stream():
  ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
  print(ret.content)
  ret.close()
 
  # from contextlib import closing
  # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
  # # 在此处理响应。
  # for i in r.iter_content():
  # print(i)
 
 
def requests_session():
  import requests
 
  session = requests.Session()
 
  ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
 
  i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
 
  ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
  i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
      'phone': "8615131255089",
      'password': "xxxxxx",
      'oneMonth': ""
    }
  )
 
  i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
  )
  print(i3.text)

6. requests模拟登陆GitHub

 
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import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 
def login_github():
  """
  通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
  :return:
  """
  # 获取csrf_token
  r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')  # 获得get请求的对象
  s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser')   # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
  token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value')   # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token
  get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict()   # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带
  
  # 发送post登陆请求
  '''
  post登陆参数
  commit  Sign+in
  utf8  ✓
  authenticity_token  E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg==
  login  JackUpDown（用户名）
  password  **********（密码）
  '''
  r2 = requests.post(
    'https://github.com/session',
    data={
      'commit': 'Sign+in',
      'utf8': '✓',
      'authenticity_token': token,
      'login': 'JackUpDown',
      'password': '**********'
    },
    cookies=get_cookies   # 携带get请求的cookies
           )
  login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict()  # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面
 
  # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
  r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
  print(r3.text)

原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/OldJack/p/7445595.html

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