命令行工具(CLI)
命令行工具(CLI)是在图形用户界面得到普及之前使用最为广泛的用户界面，它通常不支持鼠标，用户通过键盘输入指令，计算机接收到指令后，予以执行。
通常认为，命令行工具(CLI)没有图形用户界面(GUI)那么方便用户操作。因为，命令行工具的软件通常需要用户记忆操作的命令，但是，由于其本身的特点，命令行工具要较图形用户界面节约计算机系统的资源。在熟记命令的前提下，使用命令行工具往往要较使用图形用户界面的操作速度要快。所以，图形用户界面的操作系统中，都保留着可选的命令行工具。
另外，命令行工具(CLI)应该是一个开箱即用的工具，不需要安装任何依赖。
一些熟悉的CLI工具如下：
1. dotnet cli
2. vue cli
4. aws cli
指令设计
本文将使用.Net Core(版本3.1.102)编写一个CLI工具，实现配置管理以及条目(item)管理(调用WebApi实现)，详情如下：
框架说明
编写CLI使用的主要框架是CommandLineUtils，它主要有以下优势：
1. 良好的语法设计
2. 支持依赖注入
3. 支持generic host
WebApi
提供api让cli调用，实现条目(item)的增删改查：
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[Route("api/items")][ApiController]public class ItemsController : ControllerBase{ private readonly IMemoryCache _cache; private readonly string _key = "items"; public ItemsController(IMemoryCache memoryCache) { _cache = memoryCache; } [HttpGet] public IActionResult List() { var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key); return Ok(items); } [HttpGet("{id}")] public IActionResult Get(string id) { var item = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key).FirstOrDefault(n => n.Id == id); return Ok(item); } [HttpPost] public IActionResult Create(ItemForm form) { var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key) ?? new List<Item>(); var item = new Item { Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"), Name = form.Name, Age = form.Age }; items.Add(item); _cache.Set(_key, items); return Ok(item); } [HttpDelete("{id}")] public IActionResult Delete(string id) { var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key); var item = items?.SingleOrDefault(n => n.Id == id); if (item == null) { return NotFound(); } items.Remove(item); _cache.Set(_key, items); return Ok(); }} |
CLI
1. Program - 函数入口
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[HelpOption(Inherited = true)] //显示指令帮助，并且让子指令也继承此设置[Command(Description = "A tool to communicate with web api"), //指令描述 Subcommand(typeof(ConfigCommand), typeof(ItemCommand))] //子指令class Program{ public static int Main(string[] args) { //配置依赖注入 var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection(); serviceCollection.AddSingleton(PhysicalConsole.Singleton); serviceCollection.AddSingleton<IConfigService, ConfigService>(); serviceCollection.AddHttpClient<IItemClient, ItemClient>(); var services = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider(); var app = new CommandLineApplication<Program>(); app.Conventions .UseDefaultConventions() .UseConstructorInjection(services); var console = (IConsole)services.GetService(typeof(IConsole)); try { return app.Execute(args); } catch (UnrecognizedCommandParsingException ex) //处理未定义指令 { console.WriteLine(ex.Message); return -1; } } //指令逻辑 private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console) { console.WriteLine("Please specify a command."); app.ShowHelp(); return 1; }} |
2. ConfigCommand和ItemCommand - 实现的功能比较简单，主要是指令描述以及指定对应的子指令
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[Command("config", Description = "Manage config"), Subcommand(typeof(GetCommand), typeof(SetCommand))]public class ConfigCommand{ private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console) { console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command."); app.ShowHelp(); return 1; }}[Command("item", Description = "Manage item"), Subcommand(typeof(CreateCommand), typeof(GetCommand), typeof(ListCommand), typeof(DeleteCommand))]public class ItemCommand{ private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console) { console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command."); app.ShowHelp(); return 1; }} |
3.ConfigService - 配置管理的具体实现，主要是文件读写
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public interface IConfigService{ void Set(); Config Get();}public class ConfigService: IConfigService{ private readonly IConsole _console; private readonly string _directoryName; private readonly string _fileName; public ConfigService(IConsole console) { _console = console; _directoryName = ".api-cli"; _fileName = "config.json"; } public void Set() { var directory = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName); if (!Directory.Exists(directory)) { Directory.CreateDirectory(directory); } var config = new Config { //弹出交互框，让用户输入，设置默认值为http://localhost:5000/ }; if (!config.Endpoint.EndsWith("/")) { config.Endpoint += "/"; } var filePath = Path.Combine(directory, _fileName); using (var outputFile = new StreamWriter(filePath, false, Encoding.UTF8)) { outputFile.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(config, Formatting.Indented)); } _console.WriteLine($"Config saved in {filePath}."); } public Config Get() { var filePath = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName, _fileName); if (File.Exists(filePath)) { var content = File.ReadAllText(filePath); try { var config = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Config>(content); return config; } catch { _console.WriteLine("The config is invalid, please use 'config set' command to reset one."); } } else { _console.WriteLine("Config is not existed, please use 'config set' command to set one."); } return null; }} |
4.ItemClient - 调用Web Api的具体实现，使用HttpClientFactory的方式
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public interface IItemClient{ Task<string> Create(ItemForm form); Task<string> Get(string id); Task<string> List(); Task<string> Delete(string id);}public class ItemClient : IItemClient{ public HttpClient Client { get; } public ItemClient(HttpClient client, IConfigService configService) { var config = configService.Get(); if (config == null) { return; } client.BaseAddress = new Uri(config.Endpoint); Client = client; } public async Task<string> Create(ItemForm form) { var content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(form), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json"); var result = await Client.PostAsync("/api/items", content); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode) { var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream); return $"Item created, info:{item}"; } return "Error occur, please again later."; } public async Task<string> Get(string id) { var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items/{id}"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode) { var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream); var response = new StringBuilder(); response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age"); response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}"); return response.ToString(); } return "Error occur, please again later."; } public async Task<string> List() { var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode) { var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var items = Deserialize<List<Item>>(stream); var response = new StringBuilder(); response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age"); if (items != null && items.Count > 0) { foreach (var item in items) { response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}"); } } return response.ToString(); } return "Error occur, please again later."; } public async Task<string> Delete(string id) { var result = await Client.DeleteAsync($"/api/items/{id}"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode) { return $"Item {id} deleted."; } if (result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound) { return $"Item {id} not found."; } return "Error occur, please again later."; } private static T Deserialize<T>(Stream stream) { using var reader = new JsonTextReader(new StreamReader(stream)); var serializer = new JsonSerializer(); return (T)serializer.Deserialize(reader, typeof(T)); }} |
如何发布
在项目文件中设置发布程序的名称(AssemblyName)：
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<PropertyGroup> <OutputType>Exe</OutputType> <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.1</TargetFramework> <AssemblyName>api-cli</AssemblyName> </PropertyGroup> |
进入控制台程序目录：
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cd src/NetCoreCLI |
发布Linux使用版本：
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dotnet publish -c Release -r linux-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true |
发布Windows使用版本：
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dotnet publish -c Release -r win-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true |
发布MAC使用版本：
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dotnet publish -c Release -r osx-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true |
使用示例
这里使用Linux作为示例环境。
1. 以docker的方式启动web api
2. 虚拟机上没有安装.net core的环境
3. 把编译好的CLI工具拷贝到虚拟机上，授权并移动到PATH中（如果不移动，可以通过./api-cli的方式调用）
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sudo chmod +x api-cli #授权sudo mv ./api-cli /usr/local/bin/api-cli #移动到PATH |
4. 设置配置文件：api-cli config set
5. 查看配置文件：api-cli config get
6. 创建条目：api-cli item create
7. 条目列表：api-cli item list
8. 获取条目：api-cli item get
9. 删除条目：api-cli item delete
10. 指令帮助：api-cli -h， api-cli config -h， api-cli item -h
11. 错误指令：api-cli xxx
源码地址
https://github.com/ErikXu/NetCoreCLI
参考资料
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/rid-catalog
https://medium.com/swlh/build-a-command-line-interface-cli-program-with-net-core-428c4c85221
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原文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/Erik_Xu/p/12374379.html
