什么是twisted?
twisted是一个用python语言写的事件驱动的网络框架,他支持很多种协议,包括UDP,TCP,TLS和其他应用层协议,比如HTTP,SMTP,NNTM,IRC,XMPP/Jabber。 非常好的一点是twisted实现和很多应用层的协议,开发人员可以直接只用这些协议的实现。其实要修改Twisted的SSH服务器端实现非常简单。很多时候,开发人员需要实现protocol类。
一个Twisted程序由reactor发起的主循环和一些回调函数组成。当事件发生了,比如一个client连接到了server,这时候服务器端的事件会被触发执行。
用Twisted写一个简单的TCP服务器
下面的代码是一个TCPServer,这个server记录客户端发来的数据信息。
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= = = = code1.py = = = = import sys from twisted.internet.protocol import ServerFactory from twisted.protocols.basic import LineReceiver from twisted.python import log from twisted.internet import reactor class CmdProtocol(LineReceiver): delimiter = '\n' def connectionMade( self ): self .client_ip = self .transport.getPeer()[ 1 ] log.msg( "Client connection from %s" % self .client_ip) if len ( self .factory.clients) > = self .factory.clients_max: log.msg( "Too many connections. bye !" ) self .client_ip = None self .transport.loseConnection() else : self .factory.clients.append( self .client_ip) def connectionLost( self , reason): log.msg( 'Lost client connection. Reason: %s' % reason) if self .client_ip: self .factory.clients.remove( self .client_ip) def lineReceived( self , line): log.msg( 'Cmd received from %s : %s' % ( self .client_ip, line)) class MyFactory(ServerFactory): protocol = CmdProtocol def __init__( self , clients_max = 10 ): self .clients_max = clients_max self .clients = [] log.startLogging(sys.stdout) reactor.listenTCP( 9999 , MyFactory( 2 )) reactor.run() |
下面的代码至关重要:
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from twisted.internet import reactor reactor.run() |
这两行代码会启动reator的主循环。
在上面的代码中我们创建了"ServerFactory"类,这个工厂类负责返回“CmdProtocol”的实例。 每一个连接都由实例化的“CmdProtocol”实例来做处理。 Twisted的reactor会在TCP连接上后自动创建CmdProtocol的实例。如你所见,protocol类的方法都对应着一种事件处理。
当client连上server之后会触发“connectionMade"方法,在这个方法中你可以做一些鉴权之类的操作,也可以限制客户端的连接总数。每一个protocol的实例都有一个工厂的引用,使用self.factory可以访问所在的工厂实例。
上面实现的”CmdProtocol“是twisted.protocols.basic.LineReceiver的子类,LineReceiver类会将客户端发送的数据按照换行符分隔,每到一个换行符都会触发lineReceived方法。稍后我们可以增强LineReceived来解析命令。
Twisted实现了自己的日志系统,这里我们配置将日志输出到stdout
当执行reactor.listenTCP时我们将工厂绑定到了9999端口开始监听。
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user@lab:~ / TMP$ python code1.py 2011 - 08 - 29 13 : 32 : 32 + 0200 [ - ] Log opened. 2011 - 08 - 29 13 : 32 : 32 + 0200 [ - ] __main__.MyFactory starting on 9999 2011 - 08 - 29 13 : 32 : 32 + 0200 [ - ] Starting factory <__main__.MyFactory instance at 0x227e320 2011 - 08 - 29 13 : 32 : 35 + 0200 [__main__.MyFactory] Client connection from 127.0 . 0.1 2011 - 08 - 29 13 : 32 : 38 + 0200 [CmdProtocol, 0 , 127.0 . 0.1 ] Cmd received from 127.0 . 0.1 : hello server |
使用Twisted来调用外部进程
下面我们给前面的server添加一个命令,通过这个命令可以读取/var/log/syslog的内容
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import sys import os from twisted.internet.protocol import ServerFactory, ProcessProtocol from twisted.protocols.basic import LineReceiver from twisted.python import log from twisted.internet import reactor class TailProtocol(ProcessProtocol): def __init__( self , write_callback): self .write = write_callback def outReceived( self , data): self .write( "Begin lastlog\n" ) data = [line for line in data.split( '\n' ) if not line.startswith( '==' )] for d in data: self .write(d + '\n' ) self .write( "End lastlog\n" ) def processEnded( self , reason): if reason.value.exitCode ! = 0 : log.msg(reason) class CmdProtocol(LineReceiver): delimiter = '\n' def processCmd( self , line): if line.startswith( 'lastlog' ): tailProtocol = TailProtocol( self .transport.write) reactor.spawnProcess(tailProtocol, '/usr/bin/tail' , args = [ '/usr/bin/tail' , '-10' , '/var/log/syslog' ]) elif line.startswith( 'exit' ): self .transport.loseConnection() else : self .transport.write( 'Command not found.\n' ) def connectionMade( self ): self .client_ip = self .transport.getPeer()[ 1 ] log.msg( "Client connection from %s" % self .client_ip) if len ( self .factory.clients) > = self .factory.clients_max: log.msg( "Too many connections. bye !" ) self .client_ip = None self .transport.loseConnection() else : self .factory.clients.append( self .client_ip) def connectionLost( self , reason): log.msg( 'Lost client connection. Reason: %s' % reason) if self .client_ip: self .factory.clients.remove( self .client_ip) def lineReceived( self , line): log.msg( 'Cmd received from %s : %s' % ( self .client_ip, line)) self .processCmd(line) class MyFactory(ServerFactory): protocol = CmdProtocol def __init__( self , clients_max = 10 ): self .clients_max = clients_max self .clients = [] log.startLogging(sys.stdout) reactor.listenTCP( 9999 , MyFactory( 2 )) reactor.run() |
在上面的代码中,没从客户端接收到一行内容后会执行processCmd方法,如果收到的一行内容是exit命令,那么服务器端会断开连接,如果收到的是lastlog,我们要吐出一个子进程来执行tail命令,并将tail命令的输出重定向到客户端。这里我们需要实现ProcessProtocol类,需要重写该类的processEnded方法和outReceived方法。在tail命令有输出时会执行outReceived方法,当进程退出时会执行processEnded方法。
如下是执行结果样例:
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user@lab:~ / TMP$ python code2.py 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 13 : 38 + 0200 [ - ] Log opened. 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 13 : 38 + 0200 [ - ] __main__.MyFactory starting on 9999 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 13 : 38 + 0200 [ - ] Starting factory <__main__.MyFactory instance at 0x1a5a3f8 > 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 13 : 47 + 0200 [__main__.MyFactory] Client connection from 127.0 . 0.1 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 13 : 58 + 0200 [CmdProtocol, 0 , 127.0 . 0.1 ] Cmd received from 127.0 . 0.1 : test 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 14 : 02 + 0200 [CmdProtocol, 0 , 127.0 . 0.1 ] Cmd received from 127.0 . 0.1 : lastlog 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 14 : 05 + 0200 [CmdProtocol, 0 , 127.0 . 0.1 ] Cmd received from 127.0 . 0.1 : exit 2011 - 08 - 29 15 : 14 : 05 + 0200 [CmdProtocol, 0 , 127.0 . 0.1 ] Lost client connection. Reason: [Failure instance: Traceback (failure with no frames): < class 'twisted.internet.error.ConnectionDone' >: Connection was closed cleanly. |
可以使用下面的命令作为客户端发起命令:
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user@lab:~$ netcat 127.0 . 0.1 9999 test Command not found. lastlog Begin lastlog Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab sSMTP[ 5919 ]: Unable to locate mail Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab sSMTP[ 5919 ]: Cannot open mail: 25 Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab CRON[ 4945 ]: (CRON) error (grandchild #4947 failed with exit status 1) Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab sSMTP[ 5922 ]: Unable to locate mail Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab sSMTP[ 5922 ]: Cannot open mail: 25 Aug 29 15 : 02 : 03 lab CRON[ 4945 ]: (logcheck) MAIL (mailed 1 byte of output; but got status 0x0001 , #012) Aug 29 15 : 05 : 01 lab CRON[ 5925 ]: (root) CMD (command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / null && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 29 15 : 10 : 01 lab CRON[ 5930 ]: (root) CMD (test - x / usr / lib / atsar / atsa1 && / usr / lib / atsar / atsa1) Aug 29 15 : 10 : 01 lab CRON[ 5928 ]: (CRON) error (grandchild #5930 failed with exit status 1) Aug 29 15 : 13 : 21 lab pulseaudio[ 3361 ]: ratelimit.c: 387 events suppressed End lastlog exit |
使用Deferred对象
reactor是一个循环,这个循环在等待事件的发生。 这里的事件可以是数据库操作,也可以是长时间的计算操作。 只要这些操作可以返回一个Deferred对象。Deferred对象可以自动得在事件发生时触发回调函数。reactor会block当前代码的执行。
现在我们要使用Defferred对象来计算SHA1哈希。
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import sys import os import hashlib from twisted.internet.protocol import ServerFactory, ProcessProtocol from twisted.protocols.basic import LineReceiver from twisted.python import log from twisted.internet import reactor, threads class TailProtocol(ProcessProtocol): def __init__( self , write_callback): self .write = write_callback def outReceived( self , data): self .write( "Begin lastlog\n" ) data = [line for line in data.split( '\n' ) if not line.startswith( '==' )] for d in data: self .write(d + '\n' ) self .write( "End lastlog\n" ) def processEnded( self , reason): if reason.value.exitCode ! = 0 : log.msg(reason) class HashCompute( object ): def __init__( self , path, write_callback): self .path = path self .write = write_callback def blockingMethod( self ): os.path.isfile( self .path) data = file ( self .path).read() # uncomment to add more delay # import time # time.sleep(10) return hashlib.sha1(data).hexdigest() def compute( self ): d = threads.deferToThread( self .blockingMethod) d.addCallback( self .ret) d.addErrback( self .err) def ret( self , hdata): self .write( "File hash is : %s\n" % hdata) def err( self , failure): self .write( "An error occured : %s\n" % failure.getErrorMessage()) class CmdProtocol(LineReceiver): delimiter = '\n' def processCmd( self , line): if line.startswith( 'lastlog' ): tailProtocol = TailProtocol( self .transport.write) reactor.spawnProcess(tailProtocol, '/usr/bin/tail' , args = [ '/usr/bin/tail' , '-10' , '/var/log/syslog' ]) elif line.startswith( 'comphash' ): try : useless, path = line.split( ' ' ) except : self .transport.write( 'Please provide a path.\n' ) return hc = HashCompute(path, self .transport.write) hc.compute() elif line.startswith( 'exit' ): self .transport.loseConnection() else : self .transport.write( 'Command not found.\n' ) def connectionMade( self ): self .client_ip = self .transport.getPeer()[ 1 ] log.msg( "Client connection from %s" % self .client_ip) if len ( self .factory.clients) > = self .factory.clients_max: log.msg( "Too many connections. bye !" ) self .client_ip = None self .transport.loseConnection() else : self .factory.clients.append( self .client_ip) def connectionLost( self , reason): log.msg( 'Lost client connection. Reason: %s' % reason) if self .client_ip: self .factory.clients.remove( self .client_ip) def lineReceived( self , line): log.msg( 'Cmd received from %s : %s' % ( self .client_ip, line)) self .processCmd(line) class MyFactory(ServerFactory): protocol = CmdProtocol def __init__( self , clients_max = 10 ): self .clients_max = clients_max self .clients = [] log.startLogging(sys.stdout) reactor.listenTCP( 9999 , MyFactory( 2 )) reactor.run() |
blockingMethod从文件系统读取一个文件计算SHA1,这里我们使用twisted的deferToThread方法,这个方法返回一个Deferred对象。这里的Deferred对象是调用后马上就返回了,这样主进程就可以继续执行处理其他的事件。当传给deferToThread的方法执行完毕后会马上触发其回调函数。如果执行中出错,blockingMethod方法会抛出异常。如果成功执行会通过hdata的ret返回计算的结果。
推荐的twisted阅读资料
http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer.html http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/process.html http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/servers.html
API文档:
http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.html