1、概述
python
的类中,所有以双下划线__包起来的方法,叫魔术方法,魔术方法在类或对象的某些事件发出后可以自动执行,让类具有神奇的魔力,比如常见的构造方法__new__
、初始化方法__init__
、析构方法__del__
,今天来聊一聊__new__
的妙用,主要分享以下几点:
- __new__ 和 __init__ 的区别
- 应用1:改变内置的不可变类型
- 应用2:实现一个单例
- 应用3:客户端缓存
- 应用4:不同文件不同的解密方法
- 应用5:Metaclasses
2、__new__ 和 __init__ 的区别
-
调用时机不同:
new
是真正创建实例的方法,init
用于实例的初始化,new
先于init
运行。 -
返回值不同,
new
返回一个类的实例,而init
不返回任何信息。 -
new
是class
的方法,而init
是对象的方法。
示例代码:
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class A: def __new__( cls , * args, * * kwargs): print ( "new" , cls , args, kwargs) return super ().__new__( cls ) def __init__( self , * args, * * kwargs): print ( "init" , self , args, kwargs) def how_object_construction_works(): x = A( 1 , 2 , 3 , x = 4 ) print (x) print ( "===================" ) x = A.__new__(A, 1 , 2 , 3 , x = 4 ) if isinstance (x, A): type (x).__init__(x, 1 , 2 , 3 , x = 4 ) print (x) if __name__ = = "__main__" : how_object_construction_works() |
上述代码定义了一个类 A,在调用 A(1, 2, 3, x=4) 时先执行 new,再执行 init,等价于:
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x = A.__new__(A, 1 , 2 , 3 , x = 4 ) if isinstance (x, A): type (x).__init__(x, 1 , 2 , 3 , x = 4 ) |
代码的运行结果如下:
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new < class '__main__.A' > ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) { 'x' : 4 } init <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97610 > ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) { 'x' : 4 } <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97610 > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = new < class '__main__.A' > ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) { 'x' : 4 } init <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97310 > ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) { 'x' : 4 } <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97310 > |
new
的主要作用就是让程序员可以自定义类的创建行为,以下是其主要应用场景:
3、应用1:改变内置的不可变类型
我们知道,元组是不可变类型,但是我们继承 tuple
,然后可以在 new
中,对其元组的元素进行修改,因为 new
返回之前,元组还不是元组,这在 init 函数中是无法实现的。比如说,实现一个大写的元组,代码如下:
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class UppercaseTuple( tuple ): def __new__( cls , iterable): upper_iterable = (s.upper() for s in iterable) return super ().__new__( cls , upper_iterable) # 以下代码会报错,初始化时是无法修改的 # def __init__(self, iterable): # print(f'init {iterable}') # for i, arg in enumerate(iterable): # self[i] = arg.upper() if __name__ = = '__main__' : print ( "UPPERCASE TUPLE EXAMPLE" ) print (UppercaseTuple([ "hello" , "world" ])) # UPPERCASE TUPLE EXAMPLE # ('HELLO', 'WORLD') |
4、应用2:实现一个单例
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class Singleton: _instance = None def __new__( cls , * args, * * kwargs): if cls ._instance is None : cls ._instance = super ().__new__( cls , * args, * * kwargs) return cls ._instance if __name__ = = "__main__" : print ( "SINGLETON EXAMPLE" ) x = Singleton() y = Singleton() print (f "{x is y=}" ) # SINGLETON EXAMPLE # x is y=True |
5、应用3:客户端缓存
当客户端的创建成本比较高时,比如读取文件或者数据库,可以采用以下方法,同一个客户端属于同一个实例,节省创建对象的成本,这本质就是多例模式。
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class Client: _loaded = {} _db_file = "file.db" def __new__( cls , client_id): if (client : = cls ._loaded.get(client_id)) is not None : print (f "returning existing client {client_id} from cache" ) return client client = super ().__new__( cls ) cls ._loaded[client_id] = client client._init_from_file(client_id, cls ._db_file) return client def _init_from_file( self , client_id, file ): # lookup client in file and read properties print (f "reading client {client_id} data from file, db, etc." ) name = ... email = ... self .name = name self .email = email self . id = client_id if __name__ = = '__main__' : print ( "CLIENT CACHE EXAMPLE" ) x = Client( 0 ) y = Client( 0 ) print (f "{x is y=}" ) z = Client( 1 ) # CLIENT CACHE EXAMPLE # reading client 0 data from file, db, etc. # returning existing client 0 from cache # x is y=True # reading client 1 data from file, db, etc. |
6、应用4:不同文件不同的解密方法
先在脚本所在目录创建三个文件:plaintext_hello.txt、rot13_hello.txt、otp_hello.txt,
程序会根据不同的文件选择不同的解密算法
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import codecs import itertools class EncryptedFile: _registry = {} # 'rot13' -> ROT13Text def __init_subclass__( cls , prefix, * * kwargs): super ().__init_subclass__( * * kwargs) cls ._registry[prefix] = cls def __new__( cls , path: str , key = None ): prefix, sep, suffix = path.partition( ":///" ) if sep: file = suffix else : file = prefix prefix = "file" subclass = cls ._registry[prefix] obj = object .__new__(subclass) obj. file = file obj.key = key return obj def read( self ) - > str : raise NotImplementedError class Plaintext(EncryptedFile, prefix = "file" ): def read( self ): with open ( self . file , "r" ) as f: return f.read() class ROT13Text(EncryptedFile, prefix = "rot13" ): def read( self ): with open ( self . file , "r" ) as f: text = f.read() return codecs.decode(text, "rot_13" ) class OneTimePadXorText(EncryptedFile, prefix = "otp" ): def __init__( self , path, key): if isinstance ( self .key, str ): self .key = self .key.encode() def xor_bytes_with_key( self , b: bytes) - > bytes: return bytes(b1 ^ b2 for b1, b2 in zip (b, itertools.cycle( self .key))) def read( self ): with open ( self . file , "rb" ) as f: btext = f.read() text = self .xor_bytes_with_key(btext).decode() return text if __name__ = = "__main__" : print ( "ENCRYPTED FILE EXAMPLE" ) print (EncryptedFile( "plaintext_hello.txt" ).read()) print (EncryptedFile( "rot13:///rot13_hello.txt" ).read()) print (EncryptedFile( "otp:///otp_hello.txt" , key = "1234" ).read()) # ENCRYPTED FILE EXAMPLE # plaintext_hello.txt # ebg13_uryyb.gkg # ^FCkYW_X^GLE |
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原文链接:https://developer.51cto.com/art/202110/686454.htm