简介
时间应该是在数据处理中经常会用到的一种数据类型,除了Numpy中datetime64 和 timedelta64 这两种数据类型之外,pandas 还整合了其他python库比如 scikits.timeseries 中的功能。
时间分类
pandas中有四种时间类型:
- Date times : 日期和时间,可以带时区。和标准库中的 datetime.datetime 类似。
- Time deltas: 绝对持续时间,和 标准库中的 datetime.timedelta 类似。
- Time spans: 由时间点及其关联的频率定义的时间跨度。
- Date offsets:基于日历计算的时间 和 dateutil.relativedelta.relativedelta 类似。
我们用一张表来表示:
类型 | 标量class | 数组class | pandas数据类型 | 主要创建方法 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date times | Timestamp | DatetimeIndex | datetime64[ns] or datetime64[ns, tz] | to_datetime or date_range |
Time deltas | Timedelta | TimedeltaIndex | timedelta64[ns] | to_timedelta or timedelta_range |
Time spans | Period | PeriodIndex | period[freq] | Period or period_range |
Date offsets | DateOffset | None | None | DateOffset |
看一个使用的例子:
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In [ 19 ]: pd.Series( range ( 3 ), index = pd.date_range( "2000" , freq = "D" , periods = 3 )) Out[ 19 ]: 2000 - 01 - 01 0 2000 - 01 - 02 1 2000 - 01 - 03 2 Freq: D, dtype: int64 |
看一下上面数据类型的空值:
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In [ 24 ]: pd.Timestamp(pd.NaT) Out[ 24 ]: NaT In [ 25 ]: pd.Timedelta(pd.NaT) Out[ 25 ]: NaT In [ 26 ]: pd.Period(pd.NaT) Out[ 26 ]: NaT # Equality acts as np.nan would In [ 27 ]: pd.NaT = = pd.NaT Out[ 27 ]: False |
Timestamp
Timestamp 是最基础的时间类型,我们可以这样创建:
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In [ 28 ]: pd.Timestamp(datetime.datetime( 2012 , 5 , 1 )) Out[ 28 ]: Timestamp( '2012-05-01 00:00:00' ) In [ 29 ]: pd.Timestamp( "2012-05-01" ) Out[ 29 ]: Timestamp( '2012-05-01 00:00:00' ) In [ 30 ]: pd.Timestamp( 2012 , 5 , 1 ) Out[ 30 ]: Timestamp( '2012-05-01 00:00:00' ) |
DatetimeIndex
Timestamp 作为index会自动被转换为DatetimeIndex:
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In [ 33 ]: dates = [ ....: pd.Timestamp( "2012-05-01" ), ....: pd.Timestamp( "2012-05-02" ), ....: pd.Timestamp( "2012-05-03" ), ....: ] ....: In [ 34 ]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn( 3 ), dates) In [ 35 ]: type (ts.index) Out[ 35 ]: pandas.core.indexes.datetimes.DatetimeIndex In [ 36 ]: ts.index Out[ 36 ]: DatetimeIndex([ '2012-05-01' , '2012-05-02' , '2012-05-03' ], dtype = 'datetime64[ns]' , freq = None ) In [ 37 ]: ts Out[ 37 ]: 2012 - 05 - 01 0.469112 2012 - 05 - 02 - 0.282863 2012 - 05 - 03 - 1.509059 dtype: float64 |
date_range 和 bdate_range
还可以使用 date_range 来创建DatetimeIndex:
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In [ 74 ]: start = datetime.datetime( 2011 , 1 , 1 ) In [ 75 ]: end = datetime.datetime( 2012 , 1 , 1 ) In [ 76 ]: index = pd.date_range(start, end) In [ 77 ]: index Out[ 77 ]: DatetimeIndex([ '2011-01-01' , '2011-01-02' , '2011-01-03' , '2011-01-04' , '2011-01-05' , '2011-01-06' , '2011-01-07' , '2011-01-08' , '2011-01-09' , '2011-01-10' , ... '2011-12-23' , '2011-12-24' , '2011-12-25' , '2011-12-26' , '2011-12-27' , '2011-12-28' , '2011-12-29' , '2011-12-30' , '2011-12-31' , '2012-01-01' ], dtype = 'datetime64[ns]' , length = 366 , freq = 'D' ) |
date_range 是日历范围,bdate_range 是工作日范围:
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In [ 78 ]: index = pd.bdate_range(start, end) In [ 79 ]: index Out[ 79 ]: DatetimeIndex([ '2011-01-03' , '2011-01-04' , '2011-01-05' , '2011-01-06' , '2011-01-07' , '2011-01-10' , '2011-01-11' , '2011-01-12' , '2011-01-13' , '2011-01-14' , ... '2011-12-19' , '2011-12-20' , '2011-12-21' , '2011-12-22' , '2011-12-23' , '2011-12-26' , '2011-12-27' , '2011-12-28' , '2011-12-29' , '2011-12-30' ], dtype = 'datetime64[ns]' , length = 260 , freq = 'B' ) |
两个方法都可以带上 start, end, 和 periods 参数。
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In [ 84 ]: pd.bdate_range(end = end, periods = 20 ) In [ 83 ]: pd.date_range(start, end, freq = "W" ) In [ 86 ]: pd.date_range( "2018-01-01" , "2018-01-05" , periods = 5 ) |
origin
使用 origin参数,可以修改 DatetimeIndex 的起点:
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In [ 67 ]: pd.to_datetime([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], unit = "D" , origin = pd.Timestamp( "1960-01-01" )) Out[ 67 ]: DatetimeIndex([ '1960-01-02' , '1960-01-03' , '1960-01-04' ], dtype = 'datetime64[ns]' , freq = None ) |
默认情况下 origin='unix', 也就是起点是 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
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In [ 68 ]: pd.to_datetime([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], unit = "D" ) Out[ 68 ]: DatetimeIndex([ '1970-01-02' , '1970-01-03' , '1970-01-04' ], dtype = 'datetime64[ns]' , freq = None ) |
格式化
使用format参数可以对时间进行格式化:
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In [ 51 ]: pd.to_datetime( "2010/11/12" , format = "%Y/%m/%d" ) Out[ 51 ]: Timestamp( '2010-11-12 00:00:00' ) In [ 52 ]: pd.to_datetime( "12-11-2010 00:00" , format = "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M" ) Out[ 52 ]: Timestamp( '2010-11-12 00:00:00' ) |
Period
Period 表示的是一个时间跨度,通常和freq一起使用:
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In [ 31 ]: pd.Period( "2011-01" ) Out[ 31 ]: Period( '2011-01' , 'M' ) In [ 32 ]: pd.Period( "2012-05" , freq = "D" ) Out[ 32 ]: Period( '2012-05-01' , 'D' ) |
Period可以直接进行运算:
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In [ 345 ]: p = pd.Period( "2012" , freq = "A-DEC" ) In [ 346 ]: p + 1 Out[ 346 ]: Period( '2013' , 'A-DEC' ) In [ 347 ]: p - 3 Out[ 347 ]: Period( '2009' , 'A-DEC' ) In [ 348 ]: p = pd.Period( "2012-01" , freq = "2M" ) In [ 349 ]: p + 2 Out[ 349 ]: Period( '2012-05' , '2M' ) In [ 350 ]: p - 1 Out[ 350 ]: Period( '2011-11' , '2M' ) |
注意,Period只有具有相同的freq才能进行算数运算。包括 offsets 和 timedelta
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In [ 352 ]: p = pd.Period( "2014-07-01 09:00" , freq = "H" ) In [ 353 ]: p + pd.offsets.Hour( 2 ) Out[ 353 ]: Period( '2014-07-01 11:00' , 'H' ) In [ 354 ]: p + datetime.timedelta(minutes = 120 ) Out[ 354 ]: Period( '2014-07-01 11:00' , 'H' ) In [ 355 ]: p + np.timedelta64( 7200 , "s" ) Out[ 355 ]: Period( '2014-07-01 11:00' , 'H' ) |
Period作为index可以自动被转换为PeriodIndex:
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In [ 38 ]: periods = [pd.Period( "2012-01" ), pd.Period( "2012-02" ), pd.Period( "2012-03" )] In [ 39 ]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn( 3 ), periods) In [ 40 ]: type (ts.index) Out[ 40 ]: pandas.core.indexes.period.PeriodIndex In [ 41 ]: ts.index Out[ 41 ]: PeriodIndex([ '2012-01' , '2012-02' , '2012-03' ], dtype = 'period[M]' , freq = 'M' ) In [ 42 ]: ts Out[ 42 ]: 2012 - 01 - 1.135632 2012 - 02 1.212112 2012 - 03 - 0.173215 Freq: M, dtype: float64 |
可以通过 pd.period_range 方法来创建 PeriodIndex:
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In [ 359 ]: prng = pd.period_range( "1/1/2011" , "1/1/2012" , freq = "M" ) In [ 360 ]: prng Out[ 360 ]: PeriodIndex([ '2011-01' , '2011-02' , '2011-03' , '2011-04' , '2011-05' , '2011-06' , '2011-07' , '2011-08' , '2011-09' , '2011-10' , '2011-11' , '2011-12' , '2012-01' ], dtype = 'period[M]' , freq = 'M' ) |
还可以通过PeriodIndex直接创建:
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In [ 361 ]: pd.PeriodIndex([ "2011-1" , "2011-2" , "2011-3" ], freq = "M" ) Out[ 361 ]: PeriodIndex([ '2011-01' , '2011-02' , '2011-03' ], dtype = 'period[M]' , freq = 'M' ) |
DateOffset
DateOffset表示的是频率对象。它和Timedelta很类似,表示的是一个持续时间,但是有特殊的日历规则。比如Timedelta一天肯定是24小时,而在 DateOffset中根据夏令时的不同,一天可能会有23,24或者25小时。
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# This particular day contains a day light savings time transition In [ 144 ]: ts = pd.Timestamp( "2016-10-30 00:00:00" , tz = "Europe/Helsinki" ) # Respects absolute time In [ 145 ]: ts + pd.Timedelta(days = 1 ) Out[ 145 ]: Timestamp( '2016-10-30 23:00:00+0200' , tz = 'Europe/Helsinki' ) # Respects calendar time In [ 146 ]: ts + pd.DateOffset(days = 1 ) Out[ 146 ]: Timestamp( '2016-10-31 00:00:00+0200' , tz = 'Europe/Helsinki' ) In [ 147 ]: friday = pd.Timestamp( "2018-01-05" ) In [ 148 ]: friday.day_name() Out[ 148 ]: 'Friday' # Add 2 business days (Friday --> Tuesday) In [ 149 ]: two_business_days = 2 * pd.offsets.BDay() In [ 150 ]: two_business_days. apply (friday) Out[ 150 ]: Timestamp( '2018-01-09 00:00:00' ) In [ 151 ]: friday + two_business_days Out[ 151 ]: Timestamp( '2018-01-09 00:00:00' ) In [ 152 ]: (friday + two_business_days).day_name() Out[ 152 ]: 'Tuesday' |
DateOffsets 和Frequency 运算是先关的,看一下可用的Date Offset 和它相关联的 Frequency:
Date Offset | Frequency String | 描述 |
---|---|---|
DateOffset | None | 通用的offset 类 |
BDay or BusinessDay | 'B' | 工作日 |
CDay or CustomBusinessDay | 'C' | 自定义的工作日 |
Week | 'W' | 一周 |
WeekOfMonth | 'WOM' | 每个月的第几周的第几天 |
LastWeekOfMonth | 'LWOM' | 每个月最后一周的第几天 |
MonthEnd | 'M' | 日历月末 |
MonthBegin | 'MS' | 日历月初 |
BMonthEnd or BusinessMonthEnd | 'BM' | 营业月底 |
BMonthBegin or BusinessMonthBegin | 'BMS' | 营业月初 |
CBMonthEnd or CustomBusinessMonthEnd | 'CBM' | 自定义营业月底 |
CBMonthBegin or CustomBusinessMonthBegin | 'CBMS' | 自定义营业月初 |
SemiMonthEnd | 'SM' | 日历月末的第15天 |
SemiMonthBegin | 'SMS' | 日历月初的第15天 |
QuarterEnd | 'Q' | 日历季末 |
QuarterBegin | 'QS' | 日历季初 |
BQuarterEnd | 'BQ | 工作季末 |
BQuarterBegin | 'BQS' | 工作季初 |
FY5253Quarter | 'REQ' | 零售季( 52-53 week) |
YearEnd | 'A' | 日历年末 |
YearBegin | 'AS' or 'BYS' | 日历年初 |
BYearEnd | 'BA' | 营业年末 |
BYearBegin | 'BAS' | 营业年初 |
FY5253 | 'RE' | 零售年 (aka 52-53 week) |
Easter | None | 复活节假期 |
BusinessHour | 'BH' | business hour |
CustomBusinessHour | 'CBH' | custom business hour |
Day | 'D' | 一天的绝对时间 |
Hour | 'H' | 一小时 |
Minute | 'T' or 'min' | 一分钟 |
Second | 'S' | 一秒钟 |
Milli | 'L' or 'ms' | 一微妙 |
Micro | 'U' or 'us' | 一毫秒 |
Nano | 'N' | 一纳秒 |
DateOffset还有两个方法 rollforward() 和 rollback() 可以将时间进行移动:
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In [ 153 ]: ts = pd.Timestamp( "2018-01-06 00:00:00" ) In [ 154 ]: ts.day_name() Out[ 154 ]: 'Saturday' # BusinessHour's valid offset dates are Monday through Friday In [ 155 ]: offset = pd.offsets.BusinessHour(start = "09:00" ) # Bring the date to the closest offset date (Monday) In [ 156 ]: offset.rollforward(ts) Out[ 156 ]: Timestamp( '2018-01-08 09:00:00' ) # Date is brought to the closest offset date first and then the hour is added In [ 157 ]: ts + offset Out[ 157 ]: Timestamp( '2018-01-08 10:00:00' ) |
上面的操作会自动保存小时,分钟等信息,如果想要设置为 00:00:00 , 可以调用normalize() 方法:
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In [ 158 ]: ts = pd.Timestamp( "2014-01-01 09:00" ) In [ 159 ]: day = pd.offsets.Day() In [ 160 ]: day. apply (ts) Out[ 160 ]: Timestamp( '2014-01-02 09:00:00' ) In [ 161 ]: day. apply (ts).normalize() Out[ 161 ]: Timestamp( '2014-01-02 00:00:00' ) In [ 162 ]: ts = pd.Timestamp( "2014-01-01 22:00" ) In [ 163 ]: hour = pd.offsets.Hour() In [ 164 ]: hour. apply (ts) Out[ 164 ]: Timestamp( '2014-01-01 23:00:00' ) In [ 165 ]: hour. apply (ts).normalize() Out[ 165 ]: Timestamp( '2014-01-01 00:00:00' ) In [ 166 ]: hour. apply (pd.Timestamp( "2014-01-01 23:30" )).normalize() Out[ 166 ]: Timestamp( '2014-01-02 00:00:00' ) |
作为index
时间可以作为index,并且作为index的时候会有一些很方便的特性。
可以直接使用时间来获取相应的数据:
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In [ 99 ]: ts[ "1/31/2011" ] Out[ 99 ]: 0.11920871129693428 In [ 100 ]: ts[datetime.datetime( 2011 , 12 , 25 ):] Out[ 100 ]: 2011 - 12 - 30 0.56702 Freq: BM, dtype: float64 In [ 101 ]: ts[ "10/31/2011" : "12/31/2011" ] Out[ 101 ]: 2011 - 10 - 31 0.271860 2011 - 11 - 30 - 0.424972 2011 - 12 - 30 0.567020 Freq: BM, dtype: float64 |
获取全年的数据:
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In [ 102 ]: ts[ "2011" ] Out[ 102 ]: 2011 - 01 - 31 0.119209 2011 - 02 - 28 - 1.044236 2011 - 03 - 31 - 0.861849 2011 - 04 - 29 - 2.104569 2011 - 05 - 31 - 0.494929 2011 - 06 - 30 1.071804 2011 - 07 - 29 0.721555 2011 - 08 - 31 - 0.706771 2011 - 09 - 30 - 1.039575 2011 - 10 - 31 0.271860 2011 - 11 - 30 - 0.424972 2011 - 12 - 30 0.567020 Freq: BM, dtype: float64 |
获取某个月的数据:
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In [ 103 ]: ts[ "2011-6" ] Out[ 103 ]: 2011 - 06 - 30 1.071804 Freq: BM, dtype: float64 |
DF可以接受时间作为loc的参数:
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In [ 105 ]: dft Out[ 105 ]: A 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 0.276232 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 01 : 00 - 1.087401 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 02 : 00 - 0.673690 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 03 : 00 0.113648 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 04 : 00 - 1.478427 ... ... 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 35 : 00 - 0.747967 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 36 : 00 - 0.034523 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 37 : 00 - 0.201754 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 38 : 00 - 1.509067 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 39 : 00 - 1.693043 [ 100000 rows x 1 columns] In [ 106 ]: dft.loc[ "2013" ] Out[ 106 ]: A 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 0.276232 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 01 : 00 - 1.087401 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 02 : 00 - 0.673690 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 03 : 00 0.113648 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 04 : 00 - 1.478427 ... ... 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 35 : 00 - 0.747967 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 36 : 00 - 0.034523 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 37 : 00 - 0.201754 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 38 : 00 - 1.509067 2013 - 03 - 11 10 : 39 : 00 - 1.693043 [ 100000 rows x 1 columns] |
时间切片:
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In [ 107 ]: dft[ "2013-1" : "2013-2" ] Out[ 107 ]: A 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 0.276232 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 01 : 00 - 1.087401 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 02 : 00 - 0.673690 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 03 : 00 0.113648 2013 - 01 - 01 00 : 04 : 00 - 1.478427 ... ... 2013 - 02 - 28 23 : 55 : 00 0.850929 2013 - 02 - 28 23 : 56 : 00 0.976712 2013 - 02 - 28 23 : 57 : 00 - 2.693884 2013 - 02 - 28 23 : 58 : 00 - 1.575535 2013 - 02 - 28 23 : 59 : 00 - 1.573517 [ 84960 rows x 1 columns] |
切片和完全匹配
考虑下面的一个精度为分的Series对象:
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In [ 120 ]: series_minute = pd.Series( .....: [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], .....: pd.DatetimeIndex( .....: [ "2011-12-31 23:59:00" , "2012-01-01 00:00:00" , "2012-01-01 00:02:00" ] .....: ), .....: ) .....: In [ 121 ]: series_minute.index.resolution Out[ 121 ]: 'minute' |
时间精度小于分的话,返回的是一个Series对象:
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In [ 122 ]: series_minute[ "2011-12-31 23" ] Out[ 122 ]: 2011 - 12 - 31 23 : 59 : 00 1 dtype: int64 |
时间精度大于分的话,返回的是一个常量:
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In [ 123 ]: series_minute[ "2011-12-31 23:59" ] Out[ 123 ]: 1 In [ 124 ]: series_minute[ "2011-12-31 23:59:00" ] Out[ 124 ]: 1 |
同样的,如果精度为秒的话,小于秒会返回一个对象,等于秒会返回常量值。
时间序列的操作
Shifting
使用shift方法可以让 time series 进行相应的移动:
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In [ 275 ]: ts = pd.Series( range ( len (rng)), index = rng) In [ 276 ]: ts = ts[: 5 ] In [ 277 ]: ts.shift( 1 ) Out[ 277 ]: 2012 - 01 - 01 NaN 2012 - 01 - 02 0.0 2012 - 01 - 03 1.0 Freq: D, dtype: float64 |
通过指定 freq , 可以设置shift的方式:
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In [ 278 ]: ts.shift( 5 , freq = "D" ) Out[ 278 ]: 2012 - 01 - 06 0 2012 - 01 - 07 1 2012 - 01 - 08 2 Freq: D, dtype: int64 In [ 279 ]: ts.shift( 5 , freq = pd.offsets.BDay()) Out[ 279 ]: 2012 - 01 - 06 0 2012 - 01 - 09 1 2012 - 01 - 10 2 dtype: int64 In [ 280 ]: ts.shift( 5 , freq = "BM" ) Out[ 280 ]: 2012 - 05 - 31 0 2012 - 05 - 31 1 2012 - 05 - 31 2 dtype: int64 |
频率转换
时间序列可以通过调用 asfreq 的方法转换其频率:
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In [ 281 ]: dr = pd.date_range( "1/1/2010" , periods = 3 , freq = 3 * pd.offsets.BDay()) In [ 282 ]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn( 3 ), index = dr) In [ 283 ]: ts Out[ 283 ]: 2010 - 01 - 01 1.494522 2010 - 01 - 06 - 0.778425 2010 - 01 - 11 - 0.253355 Freq: 3B , dtype: float64 In [ 284 ]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay()) Out[ 284 ]: 2010 - 01 - 01 1.494522 2010 - 01 - 04 NaN 2010 - 01 - 05 NaN 2010 - 01 - 06 - 0.778425 2010 - 01 - 07 NaN 2010 - 01 - 08 NaN 2010 - 01 - 11 - 0.253355 Freq: B, dtype: float64 |
asfreq还可以指定修改频率过后的填充方法:
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In [ 285 ]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay(), method = "pad" ) Out[ 285 ]: 2010 - 01 - 01 1.494522 2010 - 01 - 04 1.494522 2010 - 01 - 05 1.494522 2010 - 01 - 06 - 0.778425 2010 - 01 - 07 - 0.778425 2010 - 01 - 08 - 0.778425 2010 - 01 - 11 - 0.253355 Freq: B, dtype: float64 |
Resampling 重新取样
给定的时间序列可以通过调用resample方法来重新取样:
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In [ 286 ]: rng = pd.date_range( "1/1/2012" , periods = 100 , freq = "S" ) In [ 287 ]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint( 0 , 500 , len (rng)), index = rng) In [ 288 ]: ts.resample( "5Min" ). sum () Out[ 288 ]: 2012 - 01 - 01 25103 Freq: 5T , dtype: int64 |
resample 可以接受各类统计方法,比如: sum, mean, std, sem, max, min, median, first, last, ohlc。
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In [ 289 ]: ts.resample( "5Min" ).mean() Out[ 289 ]: 2012 - 01 - 01 251.03 Freq: 5T , dtype: float64 In [ 290 ]: ts.resample( "5Min" ).ohlc() Out[ 290 ]: open high low close 2012 - 01 - 01 308 460 9 205 In [ 291 ]: ts.resample( "5Min" ). max () Out[ 291 ]: 2012 - 01 - 01 460 Freq: 5T , dtype: int64 |
总结
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