在实际的生产环境 ，我们经常会碰到这样的情况：因为业务场景需要，本部门某些重要的业务数据表需要给予其他部门查看权限，因业务的扩展及调整，后期可能需要放开更多的表查询权限。为解决此种业务需求，我们可以采用创建视图的方式来解决，已可以通过创建影子用户的方式来满足需求，本文主要介绍影子用户的创建及授权方法。
场景1：只授予usage on schema 权限
session 1:
--创建readonly用户，并将test模式赋予readonly用户。
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postgres=# create user readonly with password 'postgres';CREATE ROLEpostgres=# grant usage on schema test to readonly;GRANTpostgres=# \dnList of schemas Name | Owner -------+------- test | postgres |
session 2:
--登陆readonly用户可以查询test模式下现存的所有表。
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postgres=# \c postgres readonly You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "readonly".postgres=> select * from test.emp ; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20(14 rows) |
换到session 1创建新表t1
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postgres=# create table test.t1 as select * from test.emp;CREATE TABLE |
切换到session 2 readonly用户下，t1表无法查询
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postgres=> select * from test.t1 ;2021-03-02 15:25:33.290 CST [21059] ERROR: permission denied for table t12021-03-02 15:25:33.290 CST [21059] STATEMENT: select * from test.t1 ;**ERROR: permission denied for table t1 |
结论：如果只授予 usage on schema 权限，readonly 只能查看 test 模式下已经存在的表和对象。在授予 usage on schema 权限之后创建的新表无法查看。
场景2：授予usage on schema 权限之后，再赋予 select on all tables in schema 权限
针对上个场景session 2 **ERROR: permission denied for table t1 错误的处理
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postgres=> select * from test.t1 ;**ERROR: permission denied for table t1 |
session 1： 使用postgres用户授予readonly用户 select on all tables 权限
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postgres=# grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly ; |
session 2: readonly用户查询 t1 表
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postgres=> select * from test.t1; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20(14 rows) |
session1 ：postgres用户的test模式下创建新表 t2
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postgres=# create table test.t2 as select * from test.emp;SELECT 14 |
session 2：readonly用户查询 t2 表权限不足
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postgres=> select * from test.t2 ;ERROR: permission denied for table t2 |
session 1：再次赋予 grant select on all tables
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postgres=# grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly ; |
session 2：readonly用户又可以查看 T2 表
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postgres=> select * from test.t2 ; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20(14 rows) |
影子用户创建
如果想让readonly只读用户不在每次 postgres用户在test模式中创建新表后都要手工赋予 grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly 权限。则需要授予对test默认的访问权限，对于test模式新创建的也生效。
session 1：未来访问test模式下所有新建的表赋权，创建 t5 表。
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postgres=# alter default privileges in schema test grant select on tables to readonly ;ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGESpostgres=# create table test.t5 as select * from test.emp;CREATE TABLE |
session 2：查询readonly用户
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postgres=> select * from test.t5; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20(14 rows) |
总结：影子用户创建的步骤
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--创建影子用户create user readonly with password 'postgres';--将schema中usage权限赋予给readonly用户,访问所有已存在的表grant usage on schema test to readonly;grant select on all tables in schema test to readonly;--未来访问test模式下所有新建的表alter default privileges in schema test grant select on tables to readonly ; |
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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/pg_hgdb/article/details/114313062
