一、基础语法
1.直接以字符串形式获取nokogiri对象:
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html_doc = Nokogiri:: HTML ( "<html><body><h1>Mr. Belvedere Fan Club</h1></body></html>" ) xml_doc = Nokogiri:: XML ( "<root><aliens><alien><name>Alf</name></alien></aliens></root>" ) |
这里的html_doc和xml_doc就是nokogiri文件
2.也可以通过文件句柄获取nokogiri对象:
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f = File .open( "blossom.xml" ) doc = Nokogiri:: XML (f) f.close |
3.还可以直接从网站获取:
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require 'open-uri' doc = Nokogiri:: HTML (open( "http://www.xxx.com/" )) |
二、XML文件解析实例
从XML/HTML文件里抓取字段的常用方法:
现在有一个名为shows.xml的文件,内容如下:
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< root > < sitcoms > < sitcom > < name >Married with Children</ name > < characters > < character >Al Bundy</ character > < character >Bud Bundy</ character > < character >Marcy Darcy</ character > </ characters > </ sitcom > < sitcom > < name >Perfect Strangers</ name > < characters > < character >Larry Appleton</ character > < character >Balki Bartokomous</ character > </ characters > </ sitcom > </ sitcoms > < dramas > < drama > < name >The A-Team</ name > < characters > < character >John "Hannibal" Smith</ character > < character >Templeton "Face" Peck</ character > < character >"B.A." Baracus</ character > < character >"Howling Mad" Murdock</ character > </ characters > </ drama > </ dramas > </ root > |
如果想把所有character标签的内容查找出来,可以这样处理:
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@doc = Nokogiri:: XML ( File .open( "shows.xml" )) @doc .xpath( "//character" ) |
xpath和css方法,返回的是一个结点列表,类似于一个数组,它的内容就是从文件中查找出来的符合匹配规则的结点.
把dramas结点里的character结点列表查出来:
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@doc .xpath( "//dramas//character" ) |
更有可读性的css方法:
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characters = @doc .css( "sitcoms name" ) # => ["<name>Married with Children</name>", "<name>Perfect Strangers</name>"] |
当已知查询结果唯一时,如果想直接返回这个结果,而不是列表,可以直接使用at_xpath或at_css:
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@doc .css( "dramas name" ).first # => "<name>The A-Team</name>" @doc .at_css( "dramas name" ) # => "<name>The A-Team</name>" |
三、Namespaces
对于有多个标签的情况,命名空间就起到非常大的作用了.
例如有这样一个parts.xml文件:
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< parts > <!-- Alice's Auto Parts Store --> < inventory xmlns = "http://alicesautoparts.com/" > < tire >all weather</ tire > < tire >studded</ tire > < tire >extra wide</ tire > </ inventory > <!-- Bob's Bike Shop --> < inventory xmlns = "http://bobsbikes.com/" > < tire >street</ tire > < tire >mountain</ tire > </ inventory > </ parts > |
可以使用唯一的URL作为namespaces,以区分不同的tires标签:
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@doc = Nokogiri:: XML ( File .read( "parts.xml" )) car_tires = @doc .xpath( '//car:tire' , 'car' => 'http://alicesautoparts.com/' ) bike_tires = @doc .xpath( '//bike:tire' , 'bike' => 'http://bobsbikes.com/' ) |
为了让namespace的使用更方便,nokogiri会自动绑定在根结点上找到的合适的任何namespace.
nokogiri会自动关联提供的URL,这个惯例可以减少代码量.
例如有这样一个atom.xml文件:
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< feed xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" > < title >Example Feed</ title > < link href = "http://example.org/" /> < updated >2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</ updated > < author > < name >John Doe</ name > </ author > < id >urn:uuid:60a76c80-d399-11d9-b93C-0003939e0af6</ id > < entry > < title >Atom-Powered Robots Run Amok</ title > < link href = "http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03" /> < id >urn:uuid:1225c695-cfb8-4ebb-aaaa-80da344efa6a</ id > < updated >2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</ updated > < summary >Some text.</ summary > </ entry > </ feed > |
遵循上面提到的惯例,xmlns已被自动绑定,不用再手动为xmlns赋值:
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@doc .xpath( '//xmlns:title' ) # => ["<title>Example Feed</title>", "<title>Atom-Powered Robots Run Amok</title>"] |
同样情况,css的用法:
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@doc .css( 'xmlns|title' ) |
并且在使用css方式时,如果namespaces名字是xmlns,那么连这个词本身都可以忽略掉:
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@doc .css( 'title' ) |